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Fistula surgery, also known as fistulotomy or fistulectomy, is a procedure performed to treat an anal fistula. An anal fistula is an abnormal tract or tunnel that forms between the anal canal and the skin near the anus, usually as a result of an infection or abscess in the anal glands. Fistula surgery aims to remove the fistula tract and promote healing. Here's an overview of the procedure:
Preparation: Before fistula surgery, patients may undergo pre-operative evaluation, which may include physical examination, imaging tests such as MRI or ultrasound, and possibly a procedure called a fistulogram to visualize the fistula tract.
Anesthesia: Fistula surgery is typically performed under anesthesia to ensure the patient's comfort during the procedure. The type of anesthesia used may vary depending on the patient's preference and the surgeon's recommendation.
Surgical Procedure: During fistula surgery, the surgeon makes an incision to expose the fistula tract. The tract is carefully dissected and removed, and any associated abscess or infected tissue is drained. In some cases, a seton (a piece of suture or draining material) may be placed to keep the fistula open and allow for continued drainage during the healing process.
Closure: After removing the fistula tract, the internal opening in the anal canal is typically closed with sutures to prevent recurrence of the fistula. In some cases, the wound may be left open to heal from the inside out, particularly if there is a high risk of infection or if the fistula is complex.
Post-operative Care: Following fistula surgery, patients may experience some discomfort, swelling, and drainage from the surgical site. Pain medication and stool softeners may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. It's essential for patients to follow post-operative instructions provided by their surgeon, including proper wound care and hygiene practices.
Recovery: The recovery time after fistula surgery varies depending on the complexity of the fistula and the surgical technique used. Most patients can resume normal activities within a few days to a week after surgery, but it may take several weeks for the surgical site to fully heal. Follow-up appointments with the surgeon are typically scheduled to monitor healing and address any concerns.
Fistula surgery is generally safe and effective in treating anal fistulas and relieving associated symptoms. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks and potential complications, including infection, bleeding, recurrence of the fistula, and changes in bowel function. It's essential for individuals undergoing fistula surgery to discuss the benefits, risks, and expected outcomes with their healthcare provider and to follow their surgeon's recommendations for pre-operative preparation and post-operative care.
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